Eating Disorders

Eating disorders are serious, potentially life-threatening conditions that affect a person's emotional and physical health. They're not about food alone—they involve complex relationships with food, body image, and self-worth. Recovery is possible with proper treatment.

Understanding

Eating disorders involve persistent disturbances in eating behaviors and related thoughts and emotions. The most common types include anorexia nervosa (restriction and fear of weight gain), bulimia nervosa (binge eating followed by purging), and binge eating disorder (recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food).

Eating disorders affect people of all genders, ages, races, and socioeconomic backgrounds. About 28.8 million Americans will have an eating disorder in their lifetime. While often developing during adolescence, they can occur at any age.

Signs & Symptoms

Recognizing symptoms is the first step toward getting help. Not everyone experiences all symptoms.

Behavioral Warning Signs

  • Dramatic weight loss or frequent weight fluctuations
  • Preoccupation with food, calories, fat grams, or dieting
  • Refusing to eat certain foods or entire food groups
  • Making excuses to avoid meals or eating situations
  • Excessive exercise regimen despite weather, fatigue, or injury
  • Withdrawal from friends and activities
  • Eating in secret or hoarding food

Physical Warning Signs

  • Fatigue and difficulty concentrating
  • Dizziness or fainting
  • Feeling cold all the time
  • Sleep problems
  • Cuts or calluses on knuckles (from inducing vomiting)
  • Dental problems, like enamel erosion
  • Dry skin and thinning hair
  • Irregular or absent periods

Emotional Warning Signs

  • Intense fear of weight gain
  • Distorted body image
  • Low self-esteem heavily influenced by body shape and weight
  • Extreme mood swings
  • Expressing guilt or shame about eating
  • Need for control

Causes

Eating disorders don't have a single cause. They develop from a complex interaction of factors:

  • Genetics and family history of eating disorders or other mental health conditions
  • Brain chemistry and hormonal imbalances
  • Cultural pressure to be thin
  • Childhood trauma, bullying, or abuse
  • Perfectionist personality traits
  • Involvement in activities emphasizing appearance (modeling, dance, sports)
  • Major life transitions or stressful events
  • History of dieting, especially at young ages

Treatment Options

Effective treatments are available. Many people benefit from a combination of approaches.

Family-Based Therapy (FBT)

Most effective for adolescents with anorexia. Parents are actively involved in helping restore healthy eating while the therapist supports the family through the process.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Helps identify and change unhealthy thought patterns and behaviors related to food, eating, and body image. Highly effective for bulimia and binge eating disorder.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Teaches skills for managing emotions, tolerating distress, and improving relationships—particularly helpful for emotion regulation difficulties.

Medical Monitoring

Regular check-ups to monitor weight, vital signs, and complications. Severe cases may require hospitalization or residential treatment.

Nutritional Counseling

Working with a registered dietitian to develop healthy eating patterns and restore a healthy relationship with food.

Medications

While no medications treat eating disorders directly, antidepressants may help with co-occurring depression or anxiety.

Living With Eating Disorders

These strategies can help you manage symptoms and improve your quality of life.

Building a Healthy Relationship with Food

Recovery involves learning to eat without anxiety and guilt:

  • Work with a dietitian to establish regular, balanced meals
  • Challenge food rules and restrictions gradually
  • Practice mindful eating without distractions
  • Separate emotions from hunger cues
  • Allow yourself all foods in moderation
  • Recognize that recovery isn't linear—setbacks happen

Improving Body Image

Shifting how you view and relate to your body takes time:

  • Limit exposure to social media and images that trigger comparison
  • Practice self-compassion and challenge negative self-talk
  • Focus on what your body can do, not just how it looks
  • Surround yourself with body-positive people
  • Wear comfortable clothes that fit well
  • Challenge the diet and wellness culture messages

Managing Triggers and Setbacks

Certain situations may trigger disordered eating thoughts. Having a plan helps:

  • Identify your personal triggers (comments about appearance, stressful events)
  • Develop coping strategies that don't involve food or exercise
  • Reach out to your support system when struggling
  • Keep therapy appointments, especially during hard times
  • Be honest with your treatment team about setbacks
  • Remember that recovery is possible and worth it

How to Support Someone

Supporting someone with an eating disorder requires patience, compassion, and education. Your support can make a significant difference in their recovery.

What helps

  • Learn about eating disorders from reputable sources
  • Express concern from a caring, non-judgmental place
  • Listen without offering simple solutions
  • Encourage professional help and offer to help them find resources
  • Be patient—recovery takes time and has ups and downs
  • Focus conversations on feelings, not food or appearance
  • Take care of your own emotional health
  • Celebrate non-appearance-based qualities and achievements

What to avoid

  • Don't comment on their appearance, weight, or food choices
  • Don't oversimplify recovery ('just eat more')
  • Don't monitor their eating or become the food police
  • Don't make assumptions about what they need
  • Don't compare eating disorders or minimize their experience
  • Don't engage in diet talk or criticize your own body

Conversation starters

"I'm worried about you and want to help. Can we talk?"

"I've noticed some changes that concern me. How are you doing?"

"I care about you and I'm here to support you."

"Would you be open to talking to someone who specializes in this?"

Statistics & Facts

28.8 million

Americans will have an eating disorder in their lifetime

10,200

deaths each year are the direct result of eating disorders

26%

of people with eating disorders attempt suicide

Less than 6%

of people with eating disorders are medically diagnosed as underweight

You're not alone

Recovery is possible with the right support and treatment. If you're struggling, please reach out to a mental health professional or call 988 for immediate support.

This information is for educational purposes and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.