PTSD

It's normal to have difficult feelings and thoughts after a traumatic event. Most people recover naturally with time. But if symptoms persist for months or get worse, you might have PTSD. The important thing to know is that help is available, and recovery is possible.

Understanding

PTSD develops after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event involving actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. It causes intense, disturbing thoughts and feelings related to the trauma that last long after the event has ended.

About 6% of the U.S. population will have PTSD at some point in their lives. Anyone can develop PTSD at any age, but women are more likely to develop it than men. Veterans, first responders, and survivors of abuse or violence are at higher risk.

Signs & Symptoms

Recognizing symptoms is the first step toward getting help. Not everyone experiences all symptoms.

Re-experiencing Symptoms

  • Flashbacks—reliving the trauma as if it's happening again
  • Recurring, unwanted distressing memories
  • Nightmares about the traumatic event
  • Severe emotional distress when reminded of the trauma
  • Physical reactions to reminders (sweating, rapid heartbeat)

Avoidance Symptoms

  • Avoiding thoughts or feelings about the trauma
  • Avoiding people, places, or activities that remind you of it
  • Trying not to think or talk about what happened
  • Feeling emotionally numb or detached

Changes in Mood & Thinking

  • Negative thoughts about yourself or the world
  • Persistent fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame
  • Loss of interest in activities you used to enjoy
  • Feeling detached from friends and family
  • Inability to experience positive emotions
  • Memory problems, including not remembering parts of the trauma

Arousal & Reactivity Symptoms

  • Being easily startled or feeling on edge
  • Difficulty sleeping or concentrating
  • Irritability or angry outbursts
  • Reckless or self-destructive behavior
  • Always being on guard for danger (hypervigilance)

Causes

PTSD develops after exposure to trauma, but not everyone who experiences trauma develops PTSD. Risk factors include:

  • Experiencing intense or long-lasting trauma
  • Having experienced other trauma earlier in life, especially childhood abuse
  • Working in high-risk professions (military, first responders)
  • Having other mental health problems like anxiety or depression
  • Lacking a strong support system
  • Having family members with mental health conditions
  • Substance use problems

Treatment Options

Effective treatments are available. Many people benefit from a combination of approaches.

Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Helps you process the traumatic event and change unhelpful thinking patterns. This is considered the most effective treatment for PTSD.

Prolonged Exposure (PE) Therapy

Gradually helps you approach trauma-related memories, feelings, and situations you've been avoiding. This reduces fear and helps you realize these memories aren't dangerous.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Combines exposure therapy with guided eye movements to help you process traumatic memories in a new way.

SSRIs and SNRIs

Antidepressants can help reduce PTSD symptoms like sadness, worry, anger, and feeling emotionally numb.

Support Groups

Sharing experiences with others who've had similar traumas can reduce isolation and provide hope.

Living With PTSD

These strategies can help you manage symptoms and improve your quality of life.

Managing Triggers

Triggers are reminders of the trauma that cause strong reactions. Learning to manage them takes time:

  • Identify your specific triggers (sounds, smells, places, dates)
  • Practice grounding techniques when triggered (5-4-3-2-1 method)
  • Have a plan for managing triggers you can't avoid
  • Gradually work with a therapist to reduce trigger sensitivity
  • Be patient—avoiding everything isn't the goal, but managing reactions is

Building a Sense of Safety

PTSD can leave you feeling unsafe. These strategies can help you feel more secure:

  • Establish routines that provide structure and predictability
  • Create a safe, comfortable space at home
  • Practice relaxation techniques daily
  • Stay connected with people you trust
  • Take care of your physical health
  • Remind yourself that you survived and you're safe now

Coping with Flashbacks

Flashbacks can feel frightening, but there are ways to manage them:

  • Remind yourself you're having a flashback—it's a memory, not happening now
  • Use your senses to ground yourself in the present
  • Practice deep breathing to calm your nervous system
  • Have a trusted person you can call
  • After it passes, be gentle with yourself
  • Talk about flashbacks with your therapist

How to Support Someone

Supporting someone with PTSD requires patience and understanding. They've been through something traumatic, and recovery isn't linear.

What helps

  • Educate yourself about PTSD and trauma
  • Be patient—healing takes time and has setbacks
  • Listen when they want to talk, but don't push them to share
  • Respect their boundaries and triggers
  • Offer practical help with daily tasks
  • Take care of your own mental health—secondary trauma is real
  • Celebrate small victories in their recovery
  • Encourage professional treatment

What to avoid

  • Don't pressure them to talk about the trauma before they're ready
  • Don't take symptoms personally—anger or withdrawal isn't about you
  • Don't compare their trauma to others'
  • Don't tell them to 'get over it' or 'move on'
  • Don't expose them to triggers without preparation
  • Don't assume you know what they need—ask

Conversation starters

"I'm here if you ever want to talk, but no pressure."

"How can I best support you right now?"

"Is there anything specific that would help you feel safer?"

"I noticed [behavior]. Are you doing okay?"

Statistics & Facts

6%

of the U.S. population will have PTSD in their lifetime

About 8 million

adults have PTSD during a given year

Women are 2x

as likely to develop PTSD as men

50%

of outpatient mental health patients have experienced trauma

You're not alone

Recovery is possible with the right support and treatment. If you're struggling, please reach out to a mental health professional or call 988 for immediate support.

This information is for educational purposes and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.