Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels that go far beyond typical ups and downs. These changes can damage relationships, affect job or school performance, and even lead to suicide. But with proper treatment, people with bipolar disorder can lead full, productive lives.

Understanding

Bipolar disorder involves distinct periods of abnormally elevated mood (mania or hypomania) and periods of depression. During manic episodes, you might feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. During depressive episodes, you may feel sad, hopeless, or lose interest in most activities.

About 2.8% of U.S. adults experience bipolar disorder each year. It affects men and women equally and typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood, though symptoms can appear at any age.

Signs & Symptoms

Recognizing symptoms is the first step toward getting help. Not everyone experiences all symptoms.

Manic Episode Symptoms

  • Feeling unusually upbeat, wired, or euphoric
  • Increased activity, energy, or agitation
  • Decreased need for sleep
  • Racing thoughts and rapid speech
  • Inflated self-confidence or grandiosity
  • Easily distracted
  • Risky behavior (excessive spending, impulsive decisions)

Depressive Episode Symptoms

  • Feeling very sad, hopeless, or worthless
  • Loss of interest in activities
  • Fatigue and decreased energy
  • Sleeping too much or inability to sleep
  • Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
  • Changes in appetite
  • Thoughts of death or suicide

Causes

The exact cause of bipolar disorder isn't known, but several factors are involved:

  • Genetics—bipolar disorder runs in families
  • Brain structure and chemistry differences
  • Stressful or traumatic life events can trigger episodes
  • Substance use, particularly during adolescence
  • Sleep disruption can trigger manic or depressive episodes
  • Seasonal changes may affect mood in some people

Treatment Options

Effective treatments are available. Many people benefit from a combination of approaches.

Mood Stabilizers

Lithium and anticonvulsants help control manic and depressive episodes. These are typically the foundation of treatment and require regular monitoring.

Antipsychotics

May be used alone or with mood stabilizers to manage manic symptoms. Some newer antipsychotics can also help with depressive episodes.

Psychotherapy

CBT, family therapy, and psychoeducation help you recognize mood patterns, develop coping strategies, and improve medication adherence.

Lifestyle Management

Maintaining regular sleep schedules, avoiding alcohol and drugs, and reducing stress are crucial for preventing mood episodes.

Support Groups

Connecting with others who have bipolar disorder provides understanding, reduces isolation, and offers practical management tips.

Living With Bipolar Disorder

These strategies can help you manage symptoms and improve your quality of life.

Recognizing Your Patterns

Learning to recognize early warning signs of mood episodes helps you take action quickly:

  • Track your mood, sleep, and energy levels daily
  • Identify personal triggers for mood episodes
  • Notice early warning signs (sleeping less, increased irritability)
  • Have a crisis plan in place before you need it
  • Share your warning signs with trusted people

Staying Stable

Consistency in daily routines helps prevent mood episodes:

  • Take medications as prescribed, even when feeling well
  • Maintain a regular sleep schedule—crucial for stability
  • Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs
  • Manage stress through relaxation techniques
  • Stay connected with your treatment team
  • Build a strong support network

When You Feel an Episode Coming

Quick action when you notice warning signs can prevent a full episode:

  • Contact your healthcare provider immediately
  • Increase support—tell people you trust
  • Adjust your schedule to reduce stress
  • Prioritize sleep and self-care
  • Avoid major decisions during mood shifts
  • Have someone help monitor your behavior

How to Support Someone

Supporting someone with bipolar disorder requires understanding that they're dealing with a real medical condition, not character flaws or bad choices.

What helps

  • Learn about bipolar disorder to understand what they're experiencing
  • Encourage treatment and help them stay consistent with medications
  • Help them maintain a regular routine, especially for sleep
  • Be patient during mood episodes—they're not choosing to act this way
  • Listen during depressive periods without trying to 'fix' their mood
  • Help identify warning signs of mood episodes
  • Support their treatment plan and attend appointments if they want
  • Take threats of suicide seriously and get immediate help

What to avoid

  • Don't blame them for symptoms of their illness
  • Don't ignore warning signs of mania or depression
  • Don't enable risky behavior during manic episodes
  • Don't take things personally when they're having an episode
  • Don't expect them to 'get over' depression through willpower
  • Don't suggest they stop medication because they seem better

Conversation starters

"I've noticed you haven't been sleeping much. How are you feeling?"

"Is there anything I can do to support you right now?"

"I'm here to listen if you want to talk about what you're going through."

"Can I help you stick to your routine this week?"

Statistics & Facts

2.8%

of U.S. adults experience bipolar disorder annually

83%

of cases are classified as severe

Average age

of onset is 25 years old

Up to 20%

of people with untreated bipolar disorder die by suicide

You're not alone

Recovery is possible with the right support and treatment. If you're struggling, please reach out to a mental health professional or call 988 for immediate support.

This information is for educational purposes and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.